Chemistry is referred to as Central Science as it interconnects geology, biology, environmental science, and physics to each other. Chemistry is a discipline where people of ancient India had the knowledge of scientific phenomenon before the emergence of modern science. Any substance on earth contains matter. A substance that occupies physical space and has inertia is called matter. There are three states of matter viz solid, gas, liquid. Matter can also be classified into compounds, mixtures or elements. Laws Of Chemical Combination Law of Conservation of Mass – It states that during a chemical reaction, the mass of the products and reactants will always be equal. Law of Definite Proportions – It states that every chemical compound will contain a fixed and constant proportion by mass, of its constituent elements. Joseph Proust proposed this law. Law of Multiple Proportions – It is a rule of stoichiometry formulated by John Dalton. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes – Gay...
Redox reaction is the combination of both oxidation and reduction reactions. When redox reaction takes place, both oxidation and reduction reactions also occur simultaneously. What is a Redox Reaction? Redox is a term used for the oxidation-reduction reaction. Redox reaction is a chemical reaction where a change in the oxidation state of atoms occurs. It involves electron transfer i.e if one chemical species gains electrons, then another chemical species gives or loses electrons. The species from which the electron is lost is said to be oxidized whereas the species to which the electron is added is said to be reduced. Example zinc displaces copper in an aqueous solution called copper sulfate. Redox reactions can be classified into four different categories: Combination reaction Decomposition reaction Displacement reaction Disproportionation reaction Oxidizing And Reducing Agents The role of an oxidizing agent (Oxidant) in a chemical reaction is to gain electrons. ...
In the periodic table, there are six groups of p-block elements from 13 to 18 with an electronic configuration ns 2 Np 1–6 . It has all types of elements such as metalloids, non-metal, and metal. Their chemical and physical properties are highly influenced by the difference between the inner core of their electronic configuration . The lighter elements of the group have a quite stable group oxidation state. Heavier elements have more stable lower oxidation states. The heavier elements form dπ–dπ or dπ–pπ bonds whereas the lighter elements form pπ–pπ bonds. Electron Deficiency in Born Compounds An example of typical non-metal is boron. Covalent bond formation by using four orbitals (2px, 2s, 2py, 2pz) with the convenience of 3 valence electrons 2s 2 2p 1 leads to the electron deficiency in boron compounds. Due to this deficiency, they are a good electron acceptor and therefore behave as Lewis acids. Boranes are formed when boron and dihydrogen form a covalen...
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